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Authors
Furquim d’Almeida, Arno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8658-4742
Ho, Erwin
Beutels, Philippe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5034-3595
Maertens, Kirsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-441X
Hens, Niel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1881-0637
Van Damme, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8642-1249
Theeten, Heidi
Vanwolleghem, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-8741
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (18B2821N)
Gilead Sciences (BeLux Fellowship 2020)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical committee approval for this study and the re-use of the samples was obtained from the University of Antwerp – Antwerp University Hospital Ethical Committee (reference 21/02/021 and 6712). The original SARS-CoV-2 study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Antwerp – Antwerp University Hospital (reference 20/13/158). The requirement of informed consent was waived by the University of Antwerp – Antwerp University Hospital Ethical committee because the study involved secondary use of anonymized leftover serum samples.
: Not applicable.
: Thomas Vanwolleghem has received grants from Gilead Sciences and Fujirebio, served as a consultant for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, and has served as a sponsored lecturer for Gilead Sciences, Roche and AbbVie. All other authors have nothing to disclose in relation to this research.
