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Authors
Li, Yu
Luo, Wenjian
qian Zhang, Qian
Bai, Fuhai
Wei, Jing
Tang, Ling
Deng, Youliang
Zuo, Dukun
Peng, Taotao
Li, Hong
Long, Zonghong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (CSTB-2022NSCQ-MSX1191)
the National Natural Science Foundation (82171265)
the Major Project of Chongqing Special Initiative for Technology Innovation and Application Development (CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0179)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). Since the data were publicly available, the requirement for informed consent was waived. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable. This study utilized the fully de-identified, publicly available MIMIC-IV database. No identifiable personal or clinical details of participants are presented; therefore, individual consent for publication was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
