Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 28 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval (2025-7233-35202) was obtained from the Aga Khan University Ethics Review Board (AKU-ERB), before data extraction. Patient confidentiality was ensured by de-identifying all records, and data stored securely with restricted access. Data security was assured by access to only principal investigator. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations including the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The AKU-ERB waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study using de-identified data from hospital electronic medical records and NSQIP database.

: NA.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.