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Authors
Azami, Nor Azila Muhammad
Ooi, Joanna Su Min
Abdullah, Noraidatulakma
Nawi, Azmawati Mohammed
Ahmad, Norfazilah
Hassan, Mohd Rohaizat
Sulong, Anita
Mokhtar, Mohammad Nizam
Periyasamy, Petrick
Kori, Najma
Hamzah, Faizal Amri
Jamal, Shamsuriani Md
Hamid, Mohamed Faisal Abdul
Mat, Wan Rahiza Wan
Jarmin, Razman
Hajib, Noriah
Selvam, Sheela Bai Pannir
Arifin, Azwa Shawani Kamalul
Mokhtar, Mira Farzana Mohamad
Goh, Ying-Xian
Yunos, Ryia Illani Mohd
Ghaffar, Khairun
Ishak, Muhiddin
Shahri, Nur Alyaa Afifah Md
Yusuf, Siti Nur Hasanah Mohd
Jalal, Nazihah Abd
Ismail, Norliza
Yusuf, Nurul Ain Mhd
Kamaruddin, Mohd Arman
Jamal, Rahman
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education (PRIHATIN-2021-001/1)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee UKM (RECUKM) (ethics document no: JEP-20210564) and the National Medical Research Register, Ministry of Health Malaysia (ethic documents no: ID-21-01944-L9S), in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Eligible participants were verbally informed, by trained research assistants, regarding the nature and purpose of the study and given time to consider their participants. For a critically ill patient on ventilators and unconscious or a paediatric patient (aged 12‒18 years old), verbal consent was obtained from their next-of-kin or an appropriate legal representative. The informed consent from the critically ill patients was retrospectively obtained after recovery. Parents/guardians and young people were asked to sign an assent from to indicate their agreement with paediatric patients. All participants gave their written and verbal consent before being recruited in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
