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Article History

Received: 4 February 2026

Accepted: 20 April 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. We conducted this study using the MIMIC-IV database. The utilization of this MIMIC-IV dataset was sanctioned by the Institutional Review Board at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Ethical approval was not required for this retrospective study of de-identified human data. All information was anonymized to adhere to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act guidelines. Since this study was conducted entirely using third-party, anonymous, publicly available databases, it was exempt from the requirement for individual patient consent and approval from an ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.