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Authors
Li, Qun
Chen, Yang
Yan, Yibing
Fan, Zibo
Li, Xueli
Wang, Zhe
Yang, Xiangna
Wen, Danning
Liu, Huazhang
Zhang, Yukun
Yang, Qiaozhi
Li, Ying
Huang, Chaolin
Zhang, Wei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Major Project of the National Key Technology R&D Program (2017ZX103 05501–005)
Training Programme for Beijing High-level Public Health Technical Talent Construction Project (Backbone of a discipline-02-31)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 28 April 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Declarations
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: This multicenter clinical study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Ditan Hospital (Approval No.: Jing Di Lun Ke Zi [2018] No. 027 − 03). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the committee, given that this was a retrospective observational study that did not involve any interference with patient treatment or violation of patient privacy. This waiver was granted in compliance with Article 39 of the Ethical Review Measures for Biomedical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2016), which permits the waiver of informed consent for research involving human materials or data with identifiable personal information where the relevant research participants are no longer traceable and the research project involves no personal privacy or commercial interests. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. As the coordinating center, Beijing Ditan Hospital provided ethical approval and consent waiver documents to all participating institutions’ ethics committees for filing. This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900023284, date: 2019-05-20).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
