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Authors
Sulemana, Abdul-Rauf https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5685-1463
Abdul-Karim, Abass
Idan, Jacob Solomon
Haruna, Issah
Aning-Bonsu, Alex
Jnr, Stephen Osei Akoto
Illiasu, Ziblim
Nimirkpen, Stephen
Cobbinah, Alhaji Ibrahim
Ngmenbelle, David
Mohammed, Aliyu
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Declaration
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: Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publications and Ethics (CHRPE) of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (Reference: CHRPE/AP/549/25), with official permission from the Department of Research and Development at the Tamale Teaching Hospital. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of this study involving review of de-identified medical records, the ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent from individual participants. All data were anonymised before analysis and stored on password-protected systems to maintain confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
