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Authors
Wilson, Natalie J.
Grima, Alicia A.
Lee, Clara Eunyoung
Fisman, David N.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#518192)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 16 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (Protocol #46160). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Board because the study used pre-collected/secondary data, and neither patients nor the public were involved in the conduct of this research. This study was carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. No tissue samples were analyzed, and no experiments were performed.
: Not applicable.
: DNF has served on advisory boards related to influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for Seqirus, Pfizer, Astrazeneca and Sanofi-Pasteur Vaccines, and has served as a legal expert on issues related to COVID-19 epidemiology for the Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario and the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. NJW, AAG and CEL: no competing interests.
