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Authors
Ren, Yulian
Jing, Lizhong
Hu, Dongqing
Li, Lu
Liu, Tian
Meng, Xianqing
Ji, Xiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong Province (202403030496)
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Article History
Received: 6 January 2026
Accepted: 8 May 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the publicly available MIMIC-IV database. The creation and maintenance of the MIMIC-IV database were approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with a waiver of informed consent due to the de-identified nature of the data. For this specific secondary data analysis study, the Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital reviewed the protocol and granted an exemption from ethical review. This study was therefore conducted in full compliance with all relevant ethical regulations for retrospective database research. All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. As confirmed by the above IRBs, the requirement for individual patient informed consent was waived for both the original data collection and this secondary analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
