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Authors
Wang, Yen-Hsiang
Lee, Yuarn-Jang
Lin, Yi-Fang
Huang, Chi-Chin
Cheng, Kuang-Chao
Hsu, Chih-Chieh
Tsai, Yin-Tai
Lu, Shou-Cheng
Jung, Chiau-Jing
Tai, Ying-Hsuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC112-2320-B-038-055-MY3)
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Article History
Received: 16 February 2026
Accepted: 11 May 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Joint Institutional Review Board of Taipei Medical University (TMU-JIRB; approval number: N202512040; approval date: December 31, 2025). Given the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the TMU-JIRB. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. They agree to the current authorship arrangement and have signed a statement confirming their contributions. The authors further confirm that the manuscript complies with the journal’s submission guidelines, has not been published elsewhere, and is not under consideration by another journal. A completed STROBE checklist has been submitted alongside the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
