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Article History

Received: 18 January 2026

Accepted: 18 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The research was a retrospective and record-based examination which utilized blood donor data that was anonymized and acquired from the Blood Bank of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL). Lahore, Pakistan. This study did not engage in direct interaction with human participants nor did it collect identifiable personal information. In accordance with institutional policies and national regulations governing retrospective studies using anonymized routine clinical data, the study was considered ethically exempt, and the requirement for formal ethical review and informed consent was waived by the Ethics Review Committee of University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Access to and use of the blood bank records were granted via a formal written approval signed by the Director of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL), Lahore, Pakistan. The study was conducted per the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study did not require informed consent from individual blood donors, as the anonymized secondary data that was collected during blood donation was utilized. At the time of donation, the donors give general consent that their anonymized data can be used for audit and research purposes according to institutional policy.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.