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Article History

Received: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 30 May 2026

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that this manuscript is original and has not been published or submitted for consideration elsewhere.

: Tamer Oraby is an Associate Professor of Statistics at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, specializing in mathematical and statistical modeling of infectious diseases. His research integrates stochastic processes, epidemiological modeling, and data science to inform public health decision-making. Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah is a Computational Epidemiologist at Texas A&M University whose work focuses on infectious disease modeling and the evaluation of public health interventions. His research combines mathematical epidemiology, health economics, and decision science to guide effective disease prevention and control strategies.

: The authors declare no competing interests.