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Article History

Received: 8 July 2025

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The studies involving humans were approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The ethics committee/institutional review board waived the requirement of written informed consent for participation from the participants or the participants’ legal guardians/next of kin because (1) Retrospective Data: The data used in this study is derived from previously collected clinical records. These materials were obtained during routine clinical diagnosis and treatment, and no additional procedures or interventions were performed specifically for this research. Therefore, obtaining written informed consent from each individual patient is not feasible or necessary. (2) No Adverse Impact: The waiver of written informed consent does not pose any adverse effects on the rights, welfare, or health of the subjects involved. The study solely relies on de-identified and anonymized data, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the individuals’ personal information. The analysis and interpretation of the data do not involve any interventions, risks, or potential harm to the participants. (3) Minimal Risk: The research poses minimal risk to the subjects, as it is based on retrospective data analysis. There are no interventions, treatments, or experimental procedures involved that could potentially harm the participants. The study strictly adheres to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure the protection and wellbeing of the subjects. (4) Confidentiality: All data used in this study will be handled with strict confidentiality. Any personal identifiers will be removed or anonymized to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of the subjects. The research findings will be reported in an aggregated and de-identified manner to maintain the anonymity of the participants. Overall, given the retrospective nature of the study, the absence of interventions or risks, and the protection of subject confidentiality, the waiver of written informed consent is justified and will not compromise the rights or health of the individuals involved. Written informed consent was not obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article because The Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University approved the study with an informed consent exemption (12.12.2024/K202412-36).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.