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Authors
Lockwood, Sophie
Ranaivoson, Hafaliana Christian
Randriambolamanantsoa, Tsiry Hasina
Razanajatovo, Norosoa
Raharinosy, Vololoniaina
Ahyong, Vida
Héraud, Jean-Michel
Dussart, Philippe
Lacoste, Vincent
Brook, Cara E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Education (P200A210054)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GCE/ID OPP1211841)
Adolph C. and Mary Sprague Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science, University of California Berkeley
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Article History
Received: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 28 May 2026
First Online: 6 June 2026
Declarations
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: This project was reviewed and received approval from the Ministry of Health in Madagascar (Authorization N 068-MSANP/CE) and the Institutional Review Board of the University of California Berkeley. The project was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants provided written informed consent and participants under the age of 18 provided informed assent while consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
