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Authors
Pongpan, Surangrat
Khamnuan, Patcharin
Thanatrakolsri, Pantitcha
Vittaporn, Supa
Daraswang, Punnaphat
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund in 2022 (Contract No. TUFF 56/2565)
The Thammasat University Research Fund (Contract No. TUFT-FF 45/2565)
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 29 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Thammasat University (Science) (Project No. 011/2565; COA No. 053/2565) and by the ethics committees of all six participating hospitals. As this study used retrospectively collected anonymized clinical data without direct patient contact, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the respective ethics committees. All data were fully anonymized prior to analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
