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Authors
Onzia, Annet Aketoko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-1512
Nakate, Vivian
Dawa, Brenda M.
Castelnuovo, Barbara
Reynolds, Steven J.
Parkes-Ratanshi, Rosalind
Wang, Tza-Huei
Manabe, Yukari C.
Melendez, Johan H.
Hamill, Matthew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-819X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health
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Article History
Received: 26 November 2025
Accepted: 2 June 2026
First Online: 18 June 2026
Declarations
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: The authors confirm that all procedures in the studies were conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. In Uganda, the Joint Clinical Research Centre Institutional Review Board (JC0919 and JC1920) provided ethical approval, and the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology (HS455ES and HS1338ES) provided overall administrative approval. The study was also approved by the Institutional Review Board at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD, USA) under protocols IRB00273945 and IRB00215298. No study procedures were carried out until signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
