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Authors
Adda, Richmond Balinia
Dassah, Sylvester Donne
Mohammed, Abdul-Rashid
Kulariba, Jonah
Anabire, Nsoh Godwin
Abugri, James
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 4 June 2026
First Online: 12 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The use of archived plasma samples for this analysis was approved by the Tamale Teaching Hospital Ethics Review Committee (TTHERC), which serves as the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for research conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital and affiliated health facilities in Northern Ghana (Approval ID: TTHERC/21/04/16/02). Ethical approval covered both the original parent studies from which samples were derived and the secondary use of stored samples for the present analysis. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant in the original studies following explanation of the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of participation.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
