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Authors
Lim, Yik-Zheng
Teoh, Boon-Teong
Khor, Chee-Sieng
Arifin, Nadrah-Arfizah
Tan, Kim-Kee
Abd-Jamil, Juraina
Azizan, Noor-Syahida
Yaacob, Che-Norainon
Hanuar, Nurul-Farhanah
Affendi, Sarah
Johari, Jefree
Tan, Jia-Yi
Vinnie-Siow, Wei Yin
Sam, Sing-Sin
Low, Van-Lun
AbuBakar, Sazaly
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (RU006-2025E)
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MO002-2019, TIDREC-2023, MO002-2021 and MO002G-2021)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 5 June 2026
First Online: 11 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by Universiti Malaya Institutional Biosafety and Biosecurity Committee (Approval No.: UMIBBC/NOI/R/TNCPNI/TIDREC-003/2022) and Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) Medical Ethics Committee (MRECID No.: 202259 − 11224). The blood samples were originally obtained for diagnostic purposes. As this study involved only retrospective analysis of archived and de-identified samples, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the UMMC Medical Ethics Committee. All procedures were conducted in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
