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Authors
Murendo, Conrad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-7731
Ngima, Faith
Osman, Farhan Mohamed
Rakiro, Norbert
Abaasiku, Michael Lei
Karapetyan, Gagik
Kimbrough, Suganya
Alin, Abdirahman Muse
Ahmed, Ahmed Abdirahman
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The Ministry of Health Development, Somaliland Research and Ethics Committee (reference number 15-10-1-2025) provided approval. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Since the study involved retrospective review of existing records, informed consent from patients was not required. No personally identifiable patient information was collected. All data were used for the research purposes only and handled confidentially.
Consent for publication: Not applicable to participants, as this was a retrospective study using secondary data. The authors have agreed to the publication of their identifying information and institutional affiliations.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
