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Article History

Received: 3 March 2026

Accepted: 24 June 2026

First Online: 2 July 2026

Declarations

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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sciences and Health of Cotonou, Benin, Cer_ISBA (No. 115/2018/CER-ISBA/FSS/UAC, 29 October 2018). Written and signed informed consent was obtained from all participating residents, household heads, and volunteer mosquito collectors. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the protection of the rights, safety, and well-being of the study participants. For participants under 18 years of age, the consent form and survey were completed and signed by a parent or legal guardian. Residents who tested positive for malaria were treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) in accordance with the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) guidelines. For mosquito collections using the human landing catch (HLC) method, all volunteer collectors provided written informed consent after being fully informed of the procedures and potential risks associated with exposure to mosquito bites. To minimize the risk of malaria infection, prophylactic antimalarial treatment was provided to all HLC volunteers throughout the study period. In addition, collectors received training on safe collection procedures, personal protection measures, and were closely monitored for any febrile symptoms, with prompt access to medical care when needed.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.