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Authors
Banze, Denise
Olbrich, Laura
Razid, Alia
Franckling-Smith, Zoe
Mfinanga, Alfred
Ntinginya, Nyanda Elias
Sabi, Issa
Nliwasa, Marriot
Semphere, Robina
Corbett, Elizabeth L.
Michael, Joy Sarojini
Verghese, Valsan Philip
Graham, Stephen M.
Nabeta, Pamela
Trollip, Andre
Song, Rinn
Larsson, Leyla
Geldmacher, Christof
Hoelscher, Michael
Zar, Heather J.
Viegas, Sofia
Heinrich, Norbert
Khosa, Celso
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2016MC-1623 – RaPaed TB)
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2025
Accepted: 26 June 2026
First Online: 10 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany; the University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Human Research Ethics Committee, South Africa; the Mbeya Medical Research and Ethics Committee, Tanzania; the Ministério da Saúde, Comité Nacional de Bioética para a Saúde, Mozambique; the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC), Malawi; and the Office of Research Institutional Review Board, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from caregivers or legal guardians of all participants, and assent was obtained from children in accordance with local ethical guidelines.
Consent for publication: Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include any individual person’s data in an identifiable form (including images). All data are presented in aggregate and/or de-identified.
Competing interests: All authors have received funding from the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) to their respective institutions. Cepheid provided testing kits at no cost.
