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Article History

Received: 6 April 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 6 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City (No 1134/QĐ–BVBNĐ, dated 05 November 2024). For the retrospective phase, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee. For the prospective phase, written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants. For participants younger than 16 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. Where appropriate, assent from minor participants was also considered according to their age and capacity to understand the study information. For participants who were unable to provide informed consent, consent was obtained from their legal guardians. All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.