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Article History

Received: 16 July 2026

Accepted: 23 July 2026

First Online: 31 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study is conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol has been approved in Guatemala by the Comité Nacional de Ética en Salud (Ref. number: 13-2024 and V.CNES.004.2026), in India by the Kasturba Medical College and Kasturba Hospital Institutional Ethics Committee (Ref. number: IEC1:204/2022), the Artemis Health Sciences Institutional Ethics Committee (Ref. number: AHS-IEC/2024/AS/18) and the Devki Devi Foundation Institutional Ethics Committee (Ref. number: MSSHSDA00317), the BRIC-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (Ref. number: NIBMG/2024/2/0064 ) and in Sweden by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Ref. number: 2024-05758-01). Written informed consent is collected from all study participants. in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: N/A.

Competing interests: Maurizio Aiello, Jacopo Furci, Elisabetta Palamà, and Silvia Scaglione are employees of React4Life, Italy. Sarantis Chlamydas is employee of Olink Ab, Sweden, Øystein Ivar Helle is the employee of ChipNano Imaging AS, Norway, Goran Josipovic and Irena Trbojevic-Akmacic are employees of GENOS, Croatia. Others none to declare.

The COMBAT Consortium: Matti Sällberg 9 , Christian Giske 9 , Soham Gupta 3 , Gustaf Ahlén 9 , Jose Inzunza 9 , Mukesh Varshney 9 , Annika Charlotte Karlsson 9 , Ali Mirazimi 9 , Ákos Végvári 10 , Sofja Poznakovs 3 , Teresa Stellaccio 3 , Surender Rawat 3 , Birgitta Lindqvist 3 , Panagiotis Andriopoulos 3 , Dasja Pajkrt 11 , Adithya Sridhar 11 , Henk Marquering 11 , Nina Johannesson 11 , Amber Schotting 11 , Renata Vieira de Sá 11 , Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia 12 , Vishesh Kumar Dubey 12 , Rajkumar Savai 13 , Soni Pullamsetti 13 , Jonathan Andrew 8 , Maurizio Aiello 14 , Jacopo Furci 14 , Elisabetta Palamà 14 , Silvia Scaglione 14 , Sarantis Chlamydas 15 , Øystein Ivar Helle 16 , Goran Josipovic 17 , Irena Trbojevic-Akmacic 17 , Edson Jose Adrian Bolanos Lima 2 , Leticia Castillo Signor 2 , Kamal Singh 18 , Manjula Kalia 19 , Arup Banerjee 19 , Atul Thatai 6 Nishi Raj Sharma 7 , Varun Surolia 7 , Priyanka Sharma 7 . 9 Division of Clinical microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 10 Div. of Molecular Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 11 Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 12 University of Oslo, Norway: 13 Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany: 14 React4Life, Italy 15 Olink Ab, Sweden 16 ChipNano Imaging Ab, Norway: 17 Genos, Croatia 18 University of Missouri, US 19 Regional Center for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India.