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Article History

Received: 16 May 2026

Accepted: 5 August 2026

First Online: 14 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nakhon Phanom Hospital (NP-EC11 No. 50/2568; approved on 3 August 2025) for retrospective analysis of pre-existing de-identified surveillance data. For the original routine surveillance data collection, informed consent for clinical care and specimen collection was obtained from participants or, in the case of participants under the age of 16, from their parents or legal guardians, as part of standard clinical practice at each sentinel hospital. Separate research consent was waived by the Ethics Committee given the retrospective, de-identified nature of the analysis.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.