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Authors
Gentile, Ivan
Buonomo, Antonio Riccardo
Lichtner, Miriam
Cattelan, Annamaria
Campoli, Caterina
Coppola, Luigi
Tumbarello, Mario
Pellegrino, Maria Chiara
Mastroianni, Claudio
Torti, Carlo
Coppola, Nicola
Marino, Andrea
Cascio, Antonio
Leone, Sebastiano
Masullo, Alfonso
Codella, Alessio Vinicio
Nicastri, Emanuele
Borgo, Cosmo Del
Scaglione, Vincenzo
Montironi, Matteo
Mazzotta, Valentina
Marocco, Raffaella
Mazzitelli, Maria
Scotto, Riccardo
Giaccone, Agnese
Scirocco, Maria Michela
Maraolo, Alberto Enrico
Trucillo, Emilia
Zumbo, Giulia
Schiano Moriello, Nicola
Antinori, Andrea
,
Camilla, Ajassa
Andrea, Antinori
Riccardo, Buonomo Antonio
Caterina, Campoli
Antonio, Cascio
Annamaria, Cattelan
Federica, Ciccone
Vinicio, Codella Alessio
Luigi, Coppola
Nicola, Coppola
Cosmo, Del Borgo
Michela, Di Chiara
Andrea, Di Lorenzo
Daniela, Di Trento
Anna, Ferrari
Samuele, Gardin
Ivan, Gentile
Agnese, Giaccone
Alessandra, Grimaldi
Sara, Gullì
Sebastiano, Leone
Miriam, Lichtner
Enrico, Maraolo Alberto
Andrea, Marino
Raffaella, Marocco
Claudio, Mastroianni
Alfonso, Masullo
Maria, Mazzitelli
Valentina, Mazzotta
Matteo, Montironi
Emanuele, Nicastri
Chiara, Pellegrino Maria
Giulia, Pensalfine
Mariantonietta, Pisaturo
Ilaria, Rancan
Salvatore, Rotundo
Antonio, Russo
Margherita, Sambo
Vincenzo, Scaglione
Nicola, Schiano Moriello
Michela, Scirocco Maria
Riccardo, Scotto
Vera, Todisco
Carlo, Torti
Emilia, Trucillo
Mario, Tumbarello
Marta, Zordan
Giulia, Zumbo
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Article History
Received: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 31 August 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the ethics committee of University Federico II and Cardarelli Hospital of Naples (protocol number 14372, approved on July 21, 2022). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study whenever possible; for the remaining cases, a waiver of informed consent was granted by the ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Consent for publication: Informed consent for data collection and publication was obtained from all enrolled subjects in accordance with the ethics committee’s requirements. For cases in which individual consent could not be obtained, a waiver was granted by the ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Competing interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Andrea Antinori (AA): Received consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Bavarian Nordic, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Janssen-Cilag, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer, and ViiV Healthcare; and institutional research grants from AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, and ViiV Healthcare. Anna Maria Cattelan (AMC): Received fees for advisory boards and travel grants from Angelini, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare. Ivan Gentile (IG): Served as a consultant for AbbVie, Angelini, Gilead Sciences, GSK, MSD, Nordic, Pfizer, and SOBI; and received departmental/project funding from Gilead Sciences. Lichtner: Reports financial relationships with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, InfectoPharm, Menarini, Merck, and ViiV Healthcare. Mastroianni: Reports financial relationships with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Menarini, Pfizer, and Shionogi. Valentina Mazzotta (VM): Received support for conference participation from AstraZeneca and GSK; served as a paid consultant for AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Pfizer, Viatris, and ViiV Healthcare; and received institutional research funding from Gilead Sciences. Emanuele Nicastri (EN): Received travel grants from Gilead Sciences and PharmaMar; serves on the advisory boards for Valneva and Takeda; and received presentation and consultation fees from Gilead Sciences and Roche.The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
