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Authors
Mi, Yuanqi
Lyons, Carrie
Turpin, Gnilane
Dunaway, Keren
Brion, Sophie
Kibunja, Pamela
Onyango, Dorothy
Otwoma, Nelson
Oketch, Brian
Looze, Pim
Chiu, Fletcher
Anoubissi, Jean
Syarif, Omar
Baral, Stefan
Rao, Amrita
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH136919)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI170249)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI170249)
National Institute for Minority Health and Health Disparities (K01MD020002)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2026
Accepted: 7 September 2026
First Online: 23 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical clearance for the PLHIV-related stigma Index 2.0 protocol in Kenya in 2021 was obtained from African Medical and Research Foundation Ethics and Scientific Review Committee and the National Commission for Science and Technology Innovation (AMREF - ESRC P792/2020). Participants were briefed on the study procedures and consent process, and informed consent was obtained. The study was also reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (IRB0007442) for secondary data analysis. All study procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. We acknowledge The National Empowerment Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Kenya (NEPHAK) for its primary role in the PLHIV-related Stigma Index 2.0 study in Kenya. We also gratefully acknowledge all stakeholders, study partners, and participants whose contributions made this study possible.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
