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Authors
Kavai, Susan Mutile
Mbae, Cecilia
Mugo, Michael
Kariuki, Mary
Imoli, Diana
Kawira, Maureen
Muturi, Peter
Kebenei, Collins
Kering, Kelvin
Njuguna, Amos
Kariuki, Samuel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-National Institutes of Health (R01AI099525)
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Article History
Received: 20 April 2026
Accepted: 8 September 2026
First Online: 15 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Parents or guardians of children who participated in the study provided informed written consent, additionally, children aged 12 to 17 years provided verbal assent. All adult participants provided informed written consent. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (SERU; Protocol No. 3781). Complete participant confidentiality and data anonymity throughout the study was ensured. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for human participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Disclaimer: The authors of this manuscript are fully responsible for all content and opinions expressed in this manuscript without any liability to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
