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Article History

Received: 17 August 2026

Accepted: 24 September 2026

First Online: 30 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of de-identified data from the China Influenza Vaccination Literacy Evaluation Project (grant number: No. 2022D105), originally conducted by CAV in 2022. The use of these data has been formally authorized by CAV. This project was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of China CDC (202511). All procedures involving human participants in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and the national research committee, as well as the 1964 Helsinki Declaration (including subsequent amendments). All data were anonymized through removal of direct identifiers and aggregation of demographic variables to prevent re-identification. The original study obtained participant consent for data collection.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The datasets analysed in this study were obtained with authorization from CAV. CAV generated and manages the survey dataset, and its authorisation was required for this secondary analysis. CAV had no role in study design, statistical analysis, interpretation of results, manuscript writing, or the decision to submit this article. None of the authors hold employment, consultancy, or funding relationships with CAV, and there are no other competing interests to declare.