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Integrative habitat analysis and multi-instance deep learning for predictive model of PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC patients: a dual-center retrospective study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-025-01828-5

Published Online: 2025-07-17

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Huang, Xiaoxiao

Huang, Xiaoxin

Xie, Yurun

Wang, Kui

Bai, Housheng

Ning, Ruiling

Zhu, Xiqi

Huang, Deyou

Jin, Guanqiao
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Baise Science Research and Technology Development Program (Grant No.Baike 20250338)

Beijing Medical AwardFoundation (YXJL-2022-0665-0210)

Guangxi Key Researchand Development Program (Grant No.GuikeAB23026087)

Natural Science Foundation of GuangxiZhuangAutonomous Region (Grant No.2023GXNSFAA026225)
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Version of Record valid from 2025-07-17
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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 17 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital (identifier: KY-2022-301). The ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study using anonymized data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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