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Article History

Received: 20 February 2025

Accepted: 18 July 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethik Kommission Universitätsmedizin Charité Berlin Hospital], approval number [EA1/344/21], and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and patients.

: Written and informed consent for publication of anonymised data was obtained from all participants and patients.

: Prof. Dr. Bernd Hamm has relationships with the following companies or institutions: Abbott, AbbVie, Ablative Solutions, Accovion, Achaogen Inc. Actelion Pharmaceutical. ADIR. Aesculap. Agios Pharmaceuticals, INC. AGO. AIF Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen, AIO Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie, Aktionsbündnis Patientensicherheit e.V. Alexion Pharmaceuticals. Amgen. AO Foundation. Arena Pharmaceuticals. ARMO Biosciences, Inc. Art photonics GmbH Berlin. ASAS, Ascelia Pharma AB, Ascendis, ASR Advanced sleep research, Astellas, BARD, Basiliea, Bayer Healthcare, Bayer Vital, Braun, BerGenBioASA, Berlin-Brandenburger Centrum für Regenerative Therapie (BCRT), Berliner Krebsgesellschaft, Biontech Mainz, BioNTech SE, Biotronik, Bioven, BMBF, Boehring Ingelheimer, Boston Biomedical Inc., Boston Scientific Medizintechnik GmbH, BRACCO Broup, Brahms GmbH, Brainsgate, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Calithera Biosciences UK, Cantargia AB, Medicon Village, Cascadian Therapeutics, Inc., Celgene, CELLACT Pharma, Celldex Therapeutics, Cellestia Biontech AG CH, CeloNova BioSciences, Charité research organization GmbH, Chiltern, CLOVIS ONCOLOGY, Inc., Covance, CRO Chrarité, CUBIST, CureVac AG, Tübingen, Curis, Daiichi Sankyo, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA, DC Devices, Inc. USA, Delcath Systems, Dermira Inc., Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsche Rheuma Liga, DZ-Deutsches Diabetes Forschungsgesellschaft e.V., Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., DFG, Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH, DSM Nutritional Products AG, Dt. Stiftung für Herzforschung, Dynavax, Eisai Ltd., European Knowledge Centre, Mosquito Way, Hatfield, Eli Lilly and Conpany Ltd., EORTC, Episurf Medical, Epizyme, Inc., Essex Pharma, EU Programmes, Euroscreen S.A., F20 Biotech GmbH, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Fibrex Medical Inc., Focussed Ultrasound Surgery Foundation, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Galena Biopharma, Galmed Research and Development Ltd., Ganymed, GBG Forschung BmbH, GE, Gentech, Inc., Genmab A/S, Genzyme Europe B.V., GETNE (Grupo Español de Tumores Neuroendocrinos, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Glaxo Smith Kline, Glycotope GmbH, Berlin, Goethe Uni Frankfurt, Guerbet. Guidant Europe NV, Halozyme, Hans-Blöckler-Stiftung, Hewlett Packard GmbH, Holaira, Inc., Horizon Therapeutics Ireland, ICON (CRO), Idera Pharmaceutics, Inc., Ignyta, Inc., Immunimedics, Inc., Immunocore, Incyte, INC Research, Innate Pharma, InSightec Ltd, Inspiremd, inVentiv Health Clinical UK Ltd., Inventivhealth, IOMEDICO IONIS IPSEN Pharma IQVIA ISA Therapeutics Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ITM Solucin GmbH Jansen-Cilag GmbH Kantar Health GmbH (CRO) Kartos Therapeutics, Inc. Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc. Kendle/MorphoSys AG Kite Pharma Kli Fo Berlin Mitte Kura Oncology, Inc. La Roche Land Berlin Lilly GmbH Lion Biontechnology Lombard Medical Loxo Oncology, Inc. LSK BioPartner, USA Lundbeck GmbH LUX Biosciences LYSARC MacroGenics MagForce MedImmune, Inc, Medpace Germany GmbH (CRO) MedPass (CRO) Medronic Medtraveö GmbH Merck Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MeVis Medical Solutions AG Miltenyi Biomedicine GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach miRagen Boukider Mologen MorphoSysAG MSD Sharp Nektar Therapeutics NeoVacs SA Newlink Genetics Corporation Nexus Oncology NIH NOGGO Berlin, Novartis, Novocure, Nuvisan, Ockham oncology, Odonate Therapeutics San Diago. OHIRC Kanada, Orion Corporation Orion Pharma, OSE Immunitherapeutics, Parexel CRO Service, PentixalPharmGmbH, Perceptive. Pfizer GmbH, PharmaCept GmbH, Pharma Mar, Pharmaceutical Research Associates GmbH (PRA), Pharmacyclines, Inc., Philipps, Philogen s.p.a.Siena, Pliant Therapeutics San Francisco, PIQUR Therapeutics Ltd., Pluristem, PneumRX, Inc., Portola Pharmaceuticals, PPD (CRO), PRAint, Premier-research, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Psi-cro, Pulmonx International Sàrl Quintiles GmbH Radiobotics ApS Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Replimune Respicardia Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boston USA Roche Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Samsung Sanofi Sanofis-aventis S.A. Saving Patient´s Lives Medical B.V. Schumacher GmbH Seattle Genetics Servier (CRO) SGS Life Science Service (CRO) Shire Human Genetic Therapies Siemens Silena Therapeutics SIRTEX Medical Europe GmbH Spectranetics GmbH Spectrum Pharmaceuticals Stiftung Charité/ BIH St. Jude Medical Stiftung Wolfgang Schulze Syneos Health UK, Limited, Symphogen Taiho Oncology, Inc. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Target Pharma Solutions, Inc. TauRx Therapeutics Ltd. Terumo Medical Corporation Tesaro Tetec-ag TEVA Theorem Rheradex Theravance Threshold Pharmaceuticals, Inc. TNS Healthcare GmbH Toshiba UCB Pharma Uni Jena Uni München Uni Tübingen Vaccibody A.S. VDI/VDE, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Virtualscopis LLC, Winicker-norimed, Wyeth Pharma, Xcovery Holding Company. Zukunftsfond Berlin (TSB)Dominik Geisel is a section editor for BMC medical imaging and reports speaker honoraria for Siemens Healthineers.Dominik Nickel, Elisabeth Weiland, Qinxuan Tan, Felix-Maximilian Kubicka, Moritz Wagner and Thula C. Walter-Rittel declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.