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Article History

Received: 18 October 2024

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 22 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The parent study that provided the CATHeterization GENetics (CATHGEN) dataset was approved by Duke University’s Institutional Review Board; All CATHGEN subjects were consented for participation in the biorepository and cardiovascular related research, with all subject consent, data collection, and sample collection approved through the Duke Institutional Review Board [ ]. For the PROMISE dataset, local or central IRBs approved the study at each site; Each patient was provided with oral and written information and signed a declaration of informed consent [ ]. Finally, both the PROMISE and CATHGEN studies that generated the datasets we used are in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration. As mentioned, our study worked with the de-identified datasets provided by the PROMISE and CATHGEN studies and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.