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Article History

Received: 30 October 2024

Accepted: 16 May 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out at the radiation oncology ward of Golestan Hospital (Ahvaz, Iran). The protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Ref. No. 330099540, Ethics code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1400.293). The used MR images in this study belonged to GBM patients under treatment at the radiation oncology ward of Golestan Hospital (Ahvaz, Iran), from 2021 up to 2024, available in the hospital PACS system. All images were anonymized before use. All patients’ data were kept confidential, in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Also, the corresponding author, Marziyeh Tahmasbi, affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.

: While preparing this work, the authors used ChatGPT to improve the writing of some sentences, shorten the text, and check the grammar. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the sentences and content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.

: Not applicable. No patient data or images are shown, and all illustrated MR images are anonymized.

: The authors declare no competing interests.