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Article History

Received: 15 July 2025

Accepted: 17 September 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used publicly available anonymized datasets (BUSI and TN3K), which had been collected by the original investigators with appropriate ethical approvals and patient consent. No further ethics approval was required for our analysis, as it involved the secondary use of de-identified public data in compliance with the original data usage agreements and licenses.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.