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Authors
Chen, Haisong
Debora, Asta
Wang, Hongyan
Xu, Jian
Zhao, Xuemiao
Wang, Jingru
Yang, Yunjun
Yu, Mengying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Key Laboratory of Novel Nuclide Technologies on Precision Diagnosis and Treatment & Clinical Transformation of Wenzhou City (2023HZSY0012)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study utilized de-identified data from the PPMI database ( ). The PPMI study was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board (WIRB), which is affiliated with the WIRB-Copernicus Group (WCG). All participating sites of PPMI also obtained local ethics committee approvals as required. All PPMI participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. Since this study involved only secondary analysis of anonymized, publicly available data, no additional ethics approval was required from our institution.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
