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Authors
Tanaka, Takahiro
Takase, Hajime
Haze, Tatsuya
Shimohigoshi, Wataru
Sato, Mitsuru
Yamamoto, Tetsuya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (24K19554)
JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K08549)
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Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 14 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Yokohama City University Institutional Review Board for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects (#2023-1235). The requirement for informed consent was waived using the opt-out method, whereby information about the study was made publicly available in accordance with institutional guidelines, allowing individuals the opportunity to decline participation. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the university and the national research committee.
: Not applicable. This study does not contain any identifiable personal data (including names, images, or clinical details). The use of anonymized image data in this retrospective study was covered under the opt-out consent process, in accordance with institutional ethical guidelines.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
