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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shandong Public Health Clinical Center (Affiliated to Shandong University) (Approval ID: GWLCZXEC2024-111–1, approval date: 18 June 2024). The Committee is independent of the hospital and the sponsor and operates in accordance with ICH-GCP/China GCP and relevant regulations, including the Administrative Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans (2023, National Health Commission), NMPA Good Clinical Practice for Drugs (2020), Good Clinical Practice for Medical Devices (2022), as well as the WMA Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and the CIOMS International Ethical Guidelines. Because this was a retrospective analysis of de-identified clinical pathology data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Committee. All data were anonymized prior to analysis; no identifiable personal information or images are included.

: The authors have obtained consent for publication from all participants involved in the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.