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Authors
Hu, Jingquan
He, Kuigang
Luo, Jing
Xia, Rui
Zhang, Yufeng
Ma, Xiaolong
Shao, Zhihong
Gao, Xiaolong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6203-2951
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2024 Medical and Health Research Fund of the Baoshan District Science and Technology Committee (2024-E-47)
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Article History
Received: 31 July 2025
Accepted: 3 March 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: This multicenter retrospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committees of all participating centers, including the Ethics Committee of Luodian Hospital, Shanghai University School of Medicine/ Luodian Hospital of Baoshan District, the Ethics Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, and the Ethics Committee of Shibei Hospital of Jing’an District, Shanghai, China. Given the retrospective design and the anonymization of all patient data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the respective ethics committees. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
