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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 6 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This research utilized three publicly available datasets: the Left Atrium (LA) Dataset from the 2018 Atrial Segmentation Challenge, the Pancreas-CT Dataset provided by the NIH Clinical Center, and the Automated Cardiac Diagnosis Challenge (ACDC) Dataset. All image data in these datasets were fully anonymized and de-identified prior to their public release. The original data collection for these datasets was performed in compliance with relevant ethical standards and approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the organizing institutions. Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of completely anonymized public data, the requirement for specific ethical approval and informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.