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Authors
Bisbal, Javier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-1383
Winter, Patrick
Jofre, Sebastián
Ponce, Aaron
Ansari, Sameer A.
Abdalla, Ramez
Markl, Michael
Welin Odeback, Oliver
Uribe, Sergio
Tejos, Cristian
Sotelo, Julio
Schnell, Susanne
Marlevi, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Karolinska Institute
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: For the in-vivo measurements (3D ToF-MRA and dual-VENC 4D flow MRI), subjects were retrospectively selected from a study approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board (IRB), with IRB number: STU00205809. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, including informed and written consent from all participants.
: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used GPT-5 in order to improve language and readability. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
