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Authors
Zhang, Zhiwen
Tian, Chongxuan
Shi, Linlin
Zhou, Liguang
Zhang, Kaining
Pang, Jinshu
Wang, Qian
Yang, Hong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021MH309)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QH047)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82300880)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2025
Accepted: 22 April 2026
First Online: 21 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the ethics committees of the Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University(NSFC: NO.2024 − 359). Given the retrospective nature of the analysis using de-identified historical records, a waiver of informed consent for the primary data analysis was granted by the committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the relevant patients specifically in the context of this study to ensure that patients were fully aware of how their de-identified images would be utilized for academic publication.
: Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and clinical images was obtained from the patient.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
