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Article History

Received: 1 October 2024

Accepted: 13 March 2025

First Online: 31 March 2025

Declarations

:

: All experiments were carried out following the guidelines and regulations of Vanderbilt University. Animal experiments and procedures described in the present study were performed under the approval of the Vanderbilt University Animal Care and Use Committee and conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines. Anesthesia was monitored for its palpebral or eyelid reflex. The pedal or paw pinch reflex was also used. The toe was firmly pinched between the fingers to elicit a withdrawal response by the animal. The mice were monitored for breathing and reflex during surgery. Body weight of mice was measured weekly and mice that showed a decrease (>20 %) were considered for euthanasia. The mice were observed daily and unfavorable conditions such as sitting in the corner, no interest in food, and no grooming were also considered for euthanasia. Euthanasia was carried out by inhalation of carbon dioxide overdose and subsequent cervical dislocation.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Philipp Ellinger and Manuel Grundmann are full-time employees at Bayer AG. Other authors declare no competing interests.