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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Revised: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 12 August 2025

First Online: 23 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by Kyoto University and Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Ethics Committee (R3714) and did not require individual consent because the data were anonymized. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The need for informed consent was waived by Kyoto University and Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Ethics Committee.

: Not applicable.

: K.M has been employed by the Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology with support from Eisai Co., Ltd. and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd and received grants from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. S.Y has received consulting fees from TOYOTA Konpon Research Institute Inc. M.Y received research funds from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Boehringer Ingelheim. K. K has received research funds from AstraZeneca K.K., Eisai Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Mitsubishi Corporation, OMRON Corporation, Real World Data Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., and Toppan Inc.; consulting fees from Advanced Medical Care Inc., JMDC Inc., LEBER Inc., Ubicom Holdings, Inc., Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd.; executive compensation from Cancer Intelligence Care Systems, Inc.; honoraria from Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyoto University Original Co., Ltd., Pharma Business Academy, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Toppan Inc.; and held stock in Real World Data Co., Ltd. All other authors have no completing interest to declare' in the completing interest statement.