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Authors
Gardiner, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-8230
Keane, David
Ho, Eva
Lenfant, Virginie
Tankisi, Ozlem
Yam, Michelle Hiu Ching
Daga, Sunil
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science Foundation Ireland (RC/2073_P2 (CÚRAM))
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for this study was granted by Leeds Beckett University Ethics Committee. Information governance approval was obtained through a local regulatory process (Data Access Committee at Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, 03/12/2020; LTH20072_DR3). According to UK law and Health Research Authority guidance, informed consent was not required for research using anonymised data. Informed consent was not obtained as the previously collected data were fully anonymised and used for secondary analysis only. We excluded data for individuals who opted out via the NHS National Data Opt-Out service.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
