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Authors
Abdelrahman, Riad Mohammed
Abdallah, Azmi Mohamed Ali
Ahmed, Ayaz Ahmed
Musa, Taha Hussien
Arbab, Ismail Adam
Abuelgasim, Eltieb Omer
Jalal, Mohammed
Ahmed, Kannan O.
Hassan, Yousif Amin
Altrefe, Zainab
Ahmed, Huda Babikir
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Article History
Received: 7 June 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: The “Scientific Research Unit” at Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, had approved this study, with a waiver of the requirement for obtaining written informed consent due to its mainly retrospective nature. The wavering of written informed consent was granted for both the retrospective and prospective components, as the study involved no interventions, posed minimal risk to participants, and relied solely on routinely collected clinical data. All data were anonymized prior to analysis to ensure confidentiality (Approval Reference number: SR/RP/13, Date of Approval: 28/2/2019). The investigators asserts that all procedures contributing to this study comply with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
