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Authors
Zhang, Xinzhong
Ren, Xiaoying
Chang, Xiaona
Liu, Jia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0429-5748
Wang, Guang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9321-5200
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (No. L248018)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFA0806400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82470889)
Beijing Hospitals Authority's Ascent Plan (DFL20220302)
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 9 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
