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Authors
Cheng, Wendi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4198-7767
Wang, Haiyin
Yuan, Jiangzi
Li, Ying
Luo, Yashuang
Fu, Yuyan
Gu, Leyi
Xue, Jun
Jin, Chunlin
Zheng, Yin
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 11 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Health Development Research Center (Shanghai Medical Information Center) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, approval number [2023002].
: This study was granted an exemption from requiring written informed consent by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Health Development Research Center (Shanghai Medical Information Center). The research did not involve any personal privacy or commercial interests. During data extraction by the hospitals, all individual patient privacy information was anonymized. Therefore, the requirement for written informed consent was waived. The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines and the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
