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Authors
Fatima, Nazish https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-8727
Kiran, Zareen
Tassaduq, Muhammad
Ali Baloch, Akhtar
Shabbir Shaikh, Khalil Ullah
Hasan, Syed Muhammad
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2024
Accepted: 19 September 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan (Approval Code: IRB-2637/DUHS/Approval/2022/1105 ). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.
: Not applicable.
: The authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI , San Francisco , CA) to support language editing, grammar refinement, and formatting of the manuscript. The AI tool was not used for data analysis, interpretation, or drawing conclusions. All content was reviewed and verified by the authors, who take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
