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Authors
Bukabau, Justine Busanga
Cavalier, Etienne
Pottel, Hans
Nkodila, Aliocha Natuhoyila
Makulo, Jean-Robert Rissassy
Mokoli, Vieux Momeme
Kajingulu, François-Pantaleon Musungayi
Zinga, Chantal Vuvu
Longo, Augustin Luzayadio
Engole, Yannick Mompango
Nlandu, Yannick Mayamba
Mboliasa, Marie-France Ingole
Nseka, Nazaire Mangani
Delanaye, Pierre
Sumaili, Ernest Kiswaya
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted with strict respect for human dignity. Data were collected on individual forms, anonymously and confidentially, in strict compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All aspects and procedures related to the study were explained to each potential participant. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa (N°ESP/CE/029/2015) and by the institutional evaluation committees of each site. Written informed consent was obtained in advance from all participants. Those with abnormal results received counseling and educational leaflets, and were managed at the nephrology unit of Kinshasa University Hospital.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
