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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 18 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (approval code: HSEARS20230816005). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki. Participants provided informed consent after receiving detailed information about the study’s purpose, methods, and potential risks and benefits. Privacy and confidentiality were rigorously maintained by anonymizing all data and securely storing study records. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.