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Authors
Xie, Rou
Xie, Hebin
Li, Linqi
Wen, Rui
Tan, Xiangling
Zhu, Fanyou
Li, Piao
Qin, Jiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Changsha Municipal Health Committee (No. KJ-B2023032)
Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province (No. 2025JJ80552)
Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation Program (No. kq2502325)
Scientific research Project of Education Department of Hunan Province (Grant No. 22A0321)
Changsha guiding scientific research Program Project (No. KZD21074)
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Article History
Received: 26 April 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were adhered to in the conduct of this investigation. Patients’ agreement to participate was waived at the local institution, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), because MIMIC-IV only includes anonymized data. Furthermore, no additional protocol permission was needed because this dataset was eventually made publicly accessible.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
